What materials are included in the battery?

The battery includes 4 digitally printable materials: Ga-CB-SIS composite (Ga-Carbon Black-Styrene Isoprene Styrene block copolymer) as an anode, Ag 2 O CB-SIS as a cathode, Ag-LM-SIS composite as the main current collector, and a CB-SIS composite as the protecting current collector (Fig. 10j).

What are stretchable soft materials?

Categories and properties of stretchable soft materials In previous studies, stretchable soft materials are defined as materials that can maintain structural integrity under large strain conditions. Stretchable soft materials can be generally categorized into three types: liquids , elastomers [, , ], and gels [110, 111].

Can stretchable batteries be made from soft materials?

An alternative strategy to achieve stretchable batteries lies in the use of stretchable soft materials. Unlike structural designs, which may encounter issues such as mechanical fatigue, limited conformability, and manufacturing complexity, soft materials inherently possess low Young's modulus and excellent mechanical compliance.

Which power source should be used for flexible electronics?

To ensure the stable and long-term operation of flexible electronics, appropriate power sources are indispensable. Due to the high energy density, continuous discharge capability, and relatively mature technology, batteries are the ideal choice for powering flexible devices [10, 11].

Can stretchable soft batteries be used in low temperature environments?

Although LMs have demonstrated unique advantages in the field of stretchable soft batteries, such as high conductivity, excellent flexibility, and self-healing properties, their practical deployment still faces several challenges. Firstly, the temperature range of LMs limits their widespread application in low-temperature environments.

Which encapsulation materials are used in stretchable batteries?

Common encapsulation materials used in stretchable batteries, such as PDMS and Ecoflex, have good deformability but possess gas and moisture permeability. Commercial LIBs use Al for encapsulation, which offers excellent moisture resistance and gas impermeability, but limits the stretchability of LIBs .